4. World War IThe M.A.I.N. Causes o

4. World War I

The M.A.I.N. Causes of World War I
Causes of World War I:
• Military buildup of European armies and navies (MILITARISM)
The term MILITARISM can best be defined as a buildup of armaments in preparation for war. Militarism in the nations of Europe was a major cause of World War I.

• Formation of secret alliances (ALLIANCES)
THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE (THE CENTRAL POWERS) & THE TRIPLE ENTENTE (THE ALLIES) were established in the decades just before World War I

• Conflict over colonies in Africa (IMPERIALISM)

• Nationalistic rivalries in the Balkan Peninsula (NATIONALISM)
The Balkan Peninsula was described as “the powder keg of Europe” prior to World War I because of nationalistic rivalries.

A Serbian nationalist group known as the Black Hand sought to unite all Serbs into one independent nation and gain self-determination. (Self- determination is the freedom of the people of a given territory to declare their independence and/or make their own political decisions.)
In an effort to further this cause, Gavrilo Princep, a member of the Black Hand, assassinated the heir to the throne of the Austro- Hungarian Empire (Archduke Ferdinand).

This event (the assassination of the heir to the throne of the Austro- Hungarian Empire (Archduke Ferdinand) was the immediate cause of World War I in Europe. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Shortly thereafter, a number of entangling alliances prompted many other nations to join the fighting.

Self-determination / Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points
Self-determination is the freedom of the people of a given territory to declare their independence and/or make their own political decisions.

The 'Fourteen Points' were listed in a speech delivered by President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in 1918. The speech was delivered over 10 months before the Armistice with Germany ended World War I, but the Fourteen Points became the basis for the terms of German surrender that are documented in the Treaty of Versailles.

Woodrow Wilson’s ‘Fourteen Points’ held appeal for nationalists in areas under colonial control because it suggested national self-determination.

Treaties signed in 1919 (The Treaty of Versailles was actually just one of several treaties that were made at the end of World War I) resulted in the restructuring of the boundaries of Eastern Europe.

The boundaries were changed in an attempt to satisfy the demands for self- determination by ethnic nationalities.

The New Map of Europe (Europe after World War I)
Treaties signed in 1919 (after the end of World War I) resulted in the restructuring of the boundaries of Eastern Europe.

The boundaries were changed in an attempt to satisfy the demands for self- determination by ethnic nationalities.

The Treaty of Versailles
• The Treaty of Versailles punished Germany for its role in World War I by forcing Germany to accept blame for the war and to pay large REPARATIONS (payments for war damages).

• Germany was also forced to give up territory (but not as much as Austria-Hungary, which was divided into several new countries).

• Many historians believe that the harsh terms found in the Treaty of Versailles helped lead to World War II. The harsh terms found in the Treaty of Versailles contributed to the political and economic instability (economic collapse) of Germany after World War I. Many Germans were angry. Resentments about the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles contributed to Adolf Hitler’s rise to power and the growth of Nazism in Germany. Germany desired to regain it’s power and prestige.

Miscellaneous Topics
• One action that many governments took during World War I was to REGULATE their economic systems to INCREASE PRODUCTION.

• World War I generated jobs at home and in the military. As a result, UNEMPLOYMENT RATES DECLINED between 1914 and 1918.

• Technological developments used during World War I:
• mines, poisonous gas, tanks, machine-guns, hand-grenades


• New means of fighting used during World War I:
• barrage [bombardment] • trench warfare [foxholes]

• Control of the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits was a strategic objective in both World War I and World War II because these straits provide access from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea

• A direct result of World War I was Germany’s loss of its colonies in Africa and Asia.

• Nationalist movements after World War I led to the breakup of Austria- Hungary.

• Nationalist movements after World War I (and World War II) led to the breakup of the Ottoman Empire and the restructuring of boundaries in the Middle East.
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1. The term militarism can best be defined as
(1) loyalty to a nation or ethnic group
(2) buildup of armaments in preparation for war
(3) avoidance of military involvement in civil wars
(4) control of territories for economic and political gain

2. Which region was described as “the powder keg of Europe” prior to World War I?
(1) Iberian Peninsula (2) British Isles (3) Balkan Peninsula (4) Scandinavia

3. What was a major cause of World War I?
(1) rebellions in colonial lands in Africa and Asia
(2) expansion of communism into western Europe
(3) militarism in the nations of Europe
(4) inability of the League of Nations to keep the peace

6. What was the immediate cause of World War I in Europe?
(1) start of the civil war in Russia (2) sinking of the British liner, Lusitania
(3) assassination of the heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
(4) attack on Poland by the German army

7. This excerpt is taken from a poem written about World War I.
“If I should die, think only this of me:
That there’s some corner of a foreign field
That is for ever England. There shall be
In that rich earth a richer dust concealed;
A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware,
Gave, once, her flowers to love, her ways to roam,
A body of England’s, breathing English air,
Washed by the rivers, blest by suns of home. . . .”
— Rupert Brooke, “The Soldier”
Which idea is expressed in this excerpt from Brooke’s poem?
(1) pacifism (2) neutrality (3) nationalism (4) anarchy

9. The Balkans were referred to as the “Powder Keg of Europe” in the period before World War I because of their
(1) manufacturing ability (2) stockpiles of weapons
(3) nationalistic rivalries (4) economic strength

10. The Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente were established in the decades just
(1) before the Congress of Vienna (2) before World War I
(3) after the Treaty of Versailles (4) after the formation of the United Nations

12.
Statement 1: “This organization is created for the purpose of realizing the national ideal: the union of all Serbs.” —Bylaws of the Black Hand

Statement 2: “. . . people . . . would think themselves happier even under their bad government than they might be under the good government of a foreign power.” —Mohandas Gandhi, adapted from Indian Opinion, 1905

Statement 3: “. . . above all, we want Germany to be considered one land and the German people one people.”
—Heinrich von Gagern, The Call for German Unity

Statement 4: “We ardently wish to free Italy from foreign rule. We agree that we must put aside all petty differences in order to gain this most important goal. We wish to drive out the foreigners not only because we want to see our country powerful and glorious, but also because we want to elevate the Italian people in intelligence and moral development.”
—Count Camillo di Cavour

Which idea is expressed by all the statements?
(1) War is a means of achieving national policies.
(2) Industrial growth is critical to a country’s prosperity.
(3) Social class differences are the source of all conflicts.
(4) Self-determination of the people is an important goal.

14.“. . . A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined. . ”
— President Woodrow Wilson!s Fourteen Points, 1918

This statement held appeal for nationalists in areas under colonial control because it suggested
(1) national self-determination (2) economic development
(3) a system of alliances (4) protection from terrorists

15. The Treaty of Versailles punished Germany for its role in World War I by
(1) forcing Germany to accept blame for the war and to pay reparations
(2) dividing Germany into four occupied zones
(3) supporting economic sanctions by the United Nations
(4) taking away German territory in the Balkans and Spain

Résultats (Créole haïtien) 1:

4. gè mondyalGwo zafè M.A.I.N. de gè mondyalGwo zafè de gè mondyal la, fe • Rasanbleman militè dènyèman Ewopeyen an ki gen tout pouvwa, ak navies (MILITARISM) Manda a MILITARISM yo kapab pi être defini antanke yon accumulation de ameman an nan pweparasyon pou lagè. Militarism nan tout nasyon an Ewop te genyen yon nan pi gwo kòz de gè mondyal.• Òdone fòmasyon kache alyans (ALYANS) TRIP ALYANS (a SANTRAL POUVOIRS) a & a TRIP ENTENTE (a ALYE) te etabli an dè dekad jis avan gè mondyal• Konfli sou koloni an Afrik (l') • Nationaliste vwazen yo revele nan la Péninsule Balkan (NASYONALISM) La Péninsule Balkan te dekri tankou "an poud keg an Ewop" anvan gè mondyal poutèt vwazen yo revele nationaliste. Yon Sèb nasyonalis gwoup ke yo rekonèt kòm men nwa a ki tap chèche pou fè yon tèt ansanm tout Sèb yo nan yon sèl nasyon endepandan Et/pran l'. (Pwòp detèminasyon se libète pèp la yon teritwa bay pou deklare endepandans yo ak/oubyen pran desizyon politik pwòp.) Nan yon efò pou pli lwen koulye a, Gavrilo Princep, yon manb nan men nwa li, assassiné héritier a pou twòn de la Austro - Ongaryen Empire (-Ferdinand). Evènman sa a (Assassin de héritier a pou twòn de la Austro - Ongaryen Empire (-Ferdinand) li te genyen koulye a immédiate de gè mondyal an Ewòp. Austria-Hungary te deklare ke lagè ak Sèrb. Yon ti tan, yon kantite filets alyans vous anpil lòt nasyon pou jwenn ak batay la.L' / pwen 14 Woodrow WilsonL' se libète pèp la yon teritwa bay pou deklare endepandans yo ak/oubyen pran desizyon politik yo.'Katòzmil pwen yo ke yo te enskri nan yon diskou ki te delivwe pa pwezidan Woodrow Wilson de eta Zini nan 1918. Pawòl la te delivwe pase 10 mwa anvan Armistice ak Almay te fini nan gè mondyal, men, pwen yo katòzmil est la sou baz pa pyès pou tèm Alman rann tèt yo sa ki konn nan trete Versailles.Woodrow Wilson 'katòzmil pwen' a fè apèl pou nasyonalis nan zònn ki anba kontwòl kolonyal paske li a l' nasyonal.Traités te siyen an 1919 (trete a de Versailles te aktyèlman sèlman youn nan plizyè traités sa te fè l nan finisman de gè mondyal) a nan rekonstriksyon limit pati ki an Ewòp de lès.Limit yo te fonn nan yon tantativ pou satisfè tout demand pou pwòp detèminasyon nasyonalite etnik yo.Kat nouvo la an Ewop (Europe apwè gè mondyal)Traités te siyen nan 1919 (aprè la fen gè mondyal) a nan rekonstriksyon limit pati ki an Ewòp de lès.Limit yo te fonn nan yon tantativ pou satisfè tout demand pou pwòp detèminasyon nasyonalite etnik yo.Trete a de Versailles• Trete Versailles pini Almay pou wòl li nan gè mondyal pa fòse Almay pou aksepte li blame pou fè lagè a, epi pou peye gwo RÉPARATIONS (pase yo pou lagè domaj).• Almay tou te fòse pou yo kite tèritwa (men pa tankou anpil tankou Austria-Hungary, ki te pran yo an plizyè nouvo peyi).• Anpil istoryen yo kwè ke sa di tèm ki te twouve nan plon trete de Versailles te ede pou gè MONDYAL. Di tèm ki te twouve nan trete Versailles te te kontribye a politik ak ekonomik instabilité (ekonomik réduire) de Almay apwè gè mondyal. Anpil Allemands te move. Resentments de dispositions de trete Versailles a pou ke Nazis Adolf Hitler a leve kanpe pou pouvwa ak Nazism ki donnen nan peyi Almay. Almay votre pou reprann li a ak pouvwa prestige.Sijè divers• Yon aksyon sa ki anpil gouvènman te pandan gè mondyal te gen pou REGLE yo sistèm ekonomik pou OGMANTE PWODIKSYON.• Gè mondyal te pwodwi travay andedan lakay li nan militè a. Kòm yon rezilta, CHOMAJ a ant 1914 Et 1918.• Teknolojik devlopman yo te itilize pandan gè mondyal fe • min yo, gaz pwazon, tank yo, machine-guns, men nan grenad• Vle di nouvo batay yo te itilize pandan gè mondyal fe • kwense [bonbadman] • twou gè [baz soutèrin de pwotèksyon]• Kontwòl de Bosporus Et Dardanelles kanal lamè te yon objèktif èstratejik nan tou de gè mondyal ak gè MONDYAL paske kanal lamè sa yo bay aksè nan lanmè nwa a soti bò lanmè Mediterane an• Yon rezilta dirèk de gè mondyal li te genyen pèdi li koloni an Afrik ak moun Lazi Almay la.• Nasyonalis mouvements apwè gè mondyal te dirije rupture de Autriche - Ongri.• Nasyonalis mouvements apwè gè mondyal (Et gè MONDYAL) ki te dirije pou rupture de disparisyon anpi Ottoman an epi restriktirasyon limit nan Mwayen Oryan.+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1. a militarism manda li kapab meyè être defini antanke (1) fidélité pou yon nasyon osinon etnik gwoup (2) accumulation de ameman an nan pweparasyon pou lagè (3) evite de enplikasyon militè ki pare nan gè sivil (4) kontwòl Des territoires pou ogmantasyon entansite ekonomik ak politik 2. rejyon ki te dekri tankou "an poud keg an Ewop" anvan gè mondyal? (1) Ibérique Péninsule Britanik Isles (2) Scandinavie (3) Balkan Péninsule (4) 3. sa ki te yon nan pi gwo kòz de gè mondyal? (1) repouse nan koloni nasyon nan Afrik ak moun Lazi (2) ekspansyon kòminis nan Ewòp oksidantal (3) militarism nan moun lòt nasyon an Ewop (4) nkapasite lig de lòt nasyon pou kenbe lapè a 6. sa ki te lakòz immédiate de gè mondyal an Ewòp? (1) kòmansman gè sivil nan Lawisi, (2) sinking de doubli Britanik, Lusitania (3) Assassin de héritier a pou twòn anpi Hongrois Austro an (4) atak sou Polòy pa lame Almay la7. extrait sa fè de yon Powèm ekri sou gè mondyal. "Si mwen ta dwe mouri, panse sèlman sa m '! Sa pa gen kèk coin de yon jaden etranje Sa se pou tout tan Angletè. Pwal gen Sa a rich sou latè yon plus pousyè sere, Yon pousyè qui Angletè raz, kontribye pou fòme peyi, te fè konnen byen, Te bay, une, flè l' pou renmen, pou se, te fè l Yon kò ki Angletè a, souf lè anglè, Lave pye gwo dlo, blest pa suns kay.... " — Rupert Brooke, "Sòlda a"Lide ki te rapòte nan sa a extrait de Powèm Brooke a? (1) pacifism (2) neutralité (3) nasyonalism (4) anachi 9. la, le Balkan te refere li a "poud Keg pou tounen an Ewòp" kòm nan peryòd devan gè mondyal pou tèt yo (1) fabrication abilite (2) stocks de zam yo(3) fòs ekonomik vwazen nationaliste yo revele (4)10. la alyans trip Et Entente trip la te etabli an Des yo sèlman (1) devan kongrè an de Vienna (2) devan gè mondyal (3) après la trete de Versailles (4) après fòmasyon nasyon Zini 12. Deklarasyon 1: "òganizasyon sa a te kreye l ' al réaliser ideal nasyonal la: Inyon an de tout Sèb yo." — Règlements de men l ' nwaDeklarasyon 2: "...... moun ta panse yo zak menm anba move gouvènman yo ke yo te ka rete anba bon gouvènman an de yon etranje pouvwa." — Mohandas Gandhi, adapté de opinyon Endyen, an 1905Deklarasyon 3: "... pi wo tout, nou vle Almay pou konsidere kòm yon peyi ak Almay la moun fè yon sèl pèp." — Heinrich von Gagern, rele a pou inite AlmanDeklarasyon 4: "nou ardently swete pou libere Itali de etranje ki t' ap mache sou. Nou dakò ke nou dwe mete akote tout petite diferans pou ou kapab genyen ki pi enpòtan atenn objektif sa a. Nou swete pou li kondi soti etranje yo pa sèlman paske nou vle wè peyi nou pwisan Et glwa, men tou paske nou vle élever Italyen yo nan sèvis entèlijans ak devlòpman moral." — Konte Camillo depo CavourLide ki te eksprime ke tout deklarasyon yo? (1) sòlda se yon mwayen ede politik nasyonal. (2) croissance endistriyèl pou pwosperite yon peyi. (3) diferans nan klas sosyal sont sous la de tout konfli. (4) l' pèp la se yon objektif enpòtan.14. "... Yon lib, fasil ak absoliman enpasyal ajisteman de tout kolonyal revandikasyon, baze sou yon trik respect de pwensip sa nan pou detèmine Kisa tout kalite kesyon souverènte enterè laplipa moun lan zile konsène dwe genyen egal-ego poids ak jis revandikasyon gouvènman an ki Tit, se pou ka detèmine. . ” — Pwezidan Woodrow Wilson! s katòzmil pwen, 1918Deklarasyon sa a te fè apèl pou nasyonalis nan zònn ki anba kontwòl kolonyal paske li te sijere (1) devlopman (2) ekonomik l' nasyonal(3) yon sistèm de pwoteksyon alyans (4) de terroristes15. a trete de Versailles, ki pini Almay pou wòl li nan gè mondyal pa(1) fòse Almay pou aksepte li blame pou fè lagè a, epi pou peye réparation(2) division Almay nan kat zòn okipe yo (3) en sanksyon ekonomik pa nasyon Zini (4) depòte y' a depòte teritwa Alman nan zòn Balkan an ak Espay